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The Latin alphabet keyboard has a dedicated key for each of the letters AвЂ“Z, keys for punctuation and other symbols, usually a row of function keys, often a numeric keypad and some system control keys. The в‡§ Shift key is also used to type the upper of two symbols engraved on a given key, the lower being typed without using the modifier key.

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To facilitate this, modifier keys usually come in pairs, one functionally identical key for each hand, so holding a modifier key with one hand leaves the other hand free to strike another key.ДЄn alphanumeric key labelled with only a single letter (usually the capital form) can generally be struck to type either a lower case or capital letter, the latter requiring the simultaneous holding of the в‡§ Shift key. Typically, a modifier key is held down while another key is struck. (Apple keyboards have differently labelled but equivalent keys, see below). For example, the в‡§ Shift key can be used to alter the output of character keys, whereas the Ctrl ( control), Alt ( alternate) and AltGr ( alternative graphic) keys trigger special operations when used in concert with other keys. It was equipped with four keys for bucky bits ( Control, Meta, Hyper, and Super) and three shift keys, called ' shift', 'top', and 'front'.Д«esides the character keys, a keyboard incorporates special keys that do nothing by themselves but modify the functions of other keys. MIT ' space-cadet keyboard', an early keyboard with a large number of modifier keys. The positioning of the character keys is similar to the keyboard of a typewriter. Typically, there are three rows of keys for typing letters and punctuation, an upper row for typing digits and special symbols, and the Space bar on the bottom row. The core section of a keyboard consists of character keys, which can be used to type letters and other characters. However, differences between national layouts are mostly due to different selections and placements of symbols on the character keys. There is some variation between different keyboard models in the physical layout-i.e., how many keys there are and how they are positioned on the keyboard.

6.3.2.2.2 Russian QWERTY/QWERTZ-based phonetic layoutsДЄ typical 105-key computer keyboard, consisting of sections with different types of keysДЄ computer keyboard consists of alphanumeric or character keys for typing, modifier keys for altering the functions of other keys, navigation keys for moving the text cursor on the screen, function keys and system command keys-such as Esc and Break-for special actions, and often a numeric keypad to facilitate calculations.

6 Keyboard layouts for non-Latin alphabetic scripts.

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5.18 Other original layouts and layout design software.

5.17 Chorded keyboards and mobile devices.

3 Physical, visual, and functional layouts.

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1.3.6 Menu key, Command key, Windows key.

Modern USB keyboards are plug and play they communicate their (default) visual layout to the OS when connected (though the user is still able to reset this at will). Some settings enable the user to type supplementary symbols which are not engraved on the keys used to invoke them. Thus the symbol shown on the physical key-top need not be the same as appears on the screen or goes into a document being typed. In addition, software may be available to modify or extend keyboard functionality. Often, a user can change keyboard mapping in system settings. This means that a physical keyboard may be dynamically mapped to any layout without switching hardware components-merely by changing the software that interprets the keystrokes.

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The OS converts the scancode into a specific binary character code using a 'scancode to character' conversion table, called the keyboard mapping table.

Modern computer keyboards are designed to send a scancode to the operating system (OS) when a key is pressed or released: this code reports only the key's row and column, not the specific character engraved on that key. Functional layout is the arrangement of the key-meaning association or keyboard mapping, determined in software, of all the keys of a keyboard: it is this (rather than the legends) that determines the actual response to a key press.

Visual layout is the arrangement of the legends (labels, markings, engravings) that appear on those keys.

Physical layout is the actual positioning of keys on a keyboard. A keyboard layout is any specific physical, visual or functional arrangement of the keys, legends, or key-meaning associations (respectively) of a computer keyboard, mobile phone, or other computer-controlled typographic keyboard.

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